The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralise acids. The alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts of carbonate, bicarbonate, borates, silicates and phosphates along with the hydroxyl ions in free state. However the major portion of the alkalinity in natural waters is caused by hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonates with may be ranked in order of their association with high pH values. Alkalinity values provide guidance in applying proper doses of chemicals in water and waste water treatment processes, particularly in coagulation and softening. The alkalinity of water (formerly also referred to as „p value and „m value or acid consumption) is defined as the consumption of hydronium ions up to pH 8.3 and pH 4.5. The results can be expressed as mg/L CaCO3,mmol/l and °dH (Grad deusche Härte/German hardness degree).